Anticoccidial effects of the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz extract on experimental Eimeria tenella infection / 한국실험동물학회지

Anticoccidial effects of the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz (Rutaceae) extract (DDE) were evaluated in chickens following oral infection with Eimeria (E.) tenella. Three-day-old chickens (n=30) were assigned to three groups (control, untreated, and DDE 0.1% treated). Chickens were fed a standard diet supplemented with or without DDE for 1 week prior to infection with E. tenella (10,000 sporulated oocysts per chicken). The effects of DDE on E. tenella infection were assessed by two parameters; fecal oocysts shedding and body weights gain. The DDE-fed chickens produced significantly reduced fecal oocysts (P<0.05) when compared to the E. tenella-infected group fed standard diet. Also, DDE-based diet, improved body weight loss caused by E. tenella infection. Our data demonstrated that DDE had remarkable anticoccidial activities against E. tenella. This finding might have implications for the development of anticoccidial drug. This study is the first to demonstrate anticoccidial effect of DDE on Eimeria parasites.

Action mechanism of p,p'-DDE and/or beta-BHC on JNK and MAPK signal transduction pathways in rat Sertoli cells / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the action mechanism of p,p'-DDE and/or beta-BHC on JNK and MAPK signal transduction pathways in rat Sertoli cells in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We cultured the Sertoli cells isolated from rat testicular tissues for 2 days in vitro, divided them into a control group incubated with DMSO and 3 case groups exposed to p,p'-DDE and / or beta-BHC at the final concentration of 10, 30, 50 micromol/L for 24 hours, and then detected the expression levels of JNK and c-jun mRNA by two-step RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-four hours after p,p'-DDE treatment, the grayscale values of JNK mRNA were 0.068 +/- 0.001, 0.164 +/- 0.002, 0.207 +/- 0.006 and 0.499 +/- 0.017, and those of c-jun mRNA were 0.122 +/- 0.002, 0.157 +/- 0.006, 0.218 +/- 0.007 and 0.289 +/- 0.004 respectively in the DMSO control and the 10, 30 and 50 micromol/L groups. The expressions of JNK and c-jun mRNA were elevated with increased concentration of p,p'-DDE, with significant differences between the control and the case groups (P < 0.05), and they were also significantly upregulated in the beta-BHC and p,p'-DDE + beta-BHC groups in a dose-dependent manner. The grayscale values of JNK mRNA in the p,p'-DDE, beta-BHC and p,p'-DDE + beta-BHC groups at the concentration of 10 micromol/L were 0.164 +/- 0.002, 0.149 +/- 0.003 and 0.178 +/- 0.004, and those of c-jun mRNA were 0.157 +/- 0.006, 0.131 +/- 0.004 and 0.172 +/- 0.002, respectively, both significantly higher in the combination group than in the former two (P < 0.05). And the same was the case with the 30 and 50 micromol/L concentrations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both p,p'-DDE and beta-BHC can enhance the expressions of JNK and c-jun in Sertoli cells, and their combination can produce even more obvious effect.</p>

Evaluation of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Responsible for the Determination of Earwax Type in Koreans / 체질인류학회지

The ABCC11 gene is a member of the ATP-binding cassette gene family. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ABCC11 gene is associated with the determination of human earwax type. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the allelic frequencies of this gene in Korean population samples. A total of 619 individuals were analyzed by Dde I restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The genotype frequency of dry earwax in Koreans was very high. The proportions of dry/dry genotype found were 99% (99/100) in normal controls; 98.1% (207/211) in patients with schizophrenia; 99% (99/100) in patients with breast cancer; 96% (48/50) patients with uterine myoma; 98.3% (59/60) in obesity subjects; 100% (43/43) in patients with stomach cancer, and 98.2% (54/55) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. The wet/wet genotype was not found. There were no significant differences in the distribution of earwax genotypes between controls and experimental groups. These results suggest that the frequency of dry earwax are very high, and therefore the SNP determining earwax type will not be useful in genetic studies of the process involved in various diseases or pathologic conditions in Korean populations.

Níveis séricos de DDT total de trabalhadores expostos no programa de controle de malária no Estado do Pará, Brasil / Serum levels of total DDT in exposed workers of malária control program in the state of Pará, Brazil

Foram avaliados os níveis de DDT total determinados através dos metabólitos pp-DDE e pp-DDT no soro de 67 agentes de saúde (borrifadores) que trabalharam no combate ao vetor transmissor da malária no Estado do Pará, aplicando o inseticida nas superfícies internas e externas das residências, e que ficaram expostos ao DDT durante anos. As análises do soro foram realizadas por Cromatografia Gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons. As concentrações médias encontradas foram de 48,27 mais ou menos 0,30mg por Litro de DDT total, variando de 2,32 a 231,73mg por Litro. O pp-DDE foi encontrado em 100 por cento das amostras em níveis considerados altos, sugerindo uma exposição pregressa ao DDT e demonstrando uma correlação positiva moderada entre o nível de concentração e tempo de exposição (r=0,57 e p=0,003). A concentração de DDT total do grupo constituído de pessoas que não sofreram nenhum tipo de contato conhecido com DDT foi de 0,96 mg por Litro. Não foi detectado nenhum outro inseticida organoclorado nas amostras analisadas.

Determinación de los niveles de DDT, DDE y DDE-MESO2 en leche materna y sangre de poblaciones contaminadas por DDT en México / DDT, DDE and DDE-MeSO2 levels in maternal milk and blood serum from DDT exposed populations in Mexico

Se determinaron los niveles de DDE-MeSO2, DDT y DDE en 51 muestras de leche materna y en 40 muestras de sangre venosa de mujeres que viven en zonas donde el DDT se aplicó para el control de la malaria. Las concentraciones de los tres compuestos en leche materna en las diferentes comunidades fueron: El Ramonal 2.8 ng/glípido, 911 ng/glípido, 3100 ng/glípido; La Cigüeña 1.2 ng/glípido,134 ng/glípido, 764 ng/glípido; Tapachula 0.5 ng/glípido, 17 ng/glípido, 683 ng/glípido; la Huasteca 1.4 ng/glípido, 46 ng/glípido,490 ng/glípido; y Faja de Oro 0.4 ng/glípido, 18 ng/glípido, 268 ng/glípido. Las concentraciones encontradas de DDE-MeSO2 enEl Ramonal son siete veces mayores a las reportadas en Suecia en 1992 (0.4 ng/glípido). Los niveles de exposición a los 3 compuestos en sangre venosa fueron: Lacanjá 64 ng/glípido, 1323 ng/glípido, 3738 ng/glípido; El Ramonal 20 ng/glípido, 748 ng/glípido, 1271 ng/glípido; La Cigüeña 66 ng/glípido, 424 ng/glípido, 1059 ng/glípido; y Ventanilla 43 ng/glípido, 335 ng/glípido,1362 ng/glípido; de DDE-MeSO2, DDT y DDE respectivamente. Las comunidades de Lacanjá y La Cigüeña presentaron los mayores niveles de exposición al DDE-MeSO2, que comparados con los reportes de Eslovaquia son nueve veces mayor (7.3 ng/glípido).

The levels of the DDE-MeSO2, DDT andDDE were determined in 51 breast milk samples and in 40 blood samples from women living in endemic areas of malaria. The concentrations of the three compounds in maternal milk were: El Ramonal 2.8 ng/glipid, 911 ng/glipid, 3100 ng/glipid; La Cigueña 1.2 ng/glipid, 134 ng/glipid, 764 ng/glipid; Tapachula 0.5 ng/glipid, 17 ng/glipid, 683 ng/glipid; Huasteca 1.4 ng/glipid,46 ng/glipid, 490 ng/glipid; and Faja de Oro 0.4 ng/glipid, 18 ng/glipid, 268 ng/glipid. The concentrations of DDE-MeSO2 found in El Ramonal were seven times higher than those reported in Sweden in 1992 (0.4 ng/glipid). In blood the levels of the threecompounds were: Lacanjá 64 ng/glipid, 1323 ng/glipid, 3738 ng/glipid; El Ramonal 20 ng/glipid, 748 ng/glipid, 1271 ng/glipid; La Cigueña 66 ng/glipid, 424 ng/glipid, 1059 ng/glipid; and Ventanilla 43 ng/glipid, 335 ng/glipid, 1362 ng/glipid. The concentrations of DDE-MeSO2 in Lacanjá and La Cigueña were nine times than those reported in Slovakia (7.3 ng/glipid).

Residues of some organochlorine pesticides in human blood in the Fadasi Area, Sudan

For many years, organochlorine pesticides [OCPs] have been of interest, because of their toxicity and high persistence .In developing countries, [OCPs] were used in large quantities to control agricultural pests and vectors of endemic diseases. In Sudan [OCPs] were restricted to public health purposes in 1981. This study was conducted to asses the residue levels in the human blood. A randomized population sample from Fadasi Village, which is located in a rural area where pesticides have been used for over 35 years were examined. Analysis of human blood revealed the presence of gamma HCH, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide and DDE in varying concentrations. Statistical correlation was found to exist between the pesticide concentration and age, weight and duration of exposure. DDE was present in high concentrations, ranging between 0.38 - 6.88 ppm

Effects of p,p'-dDE on the expression of androgen-binding protein, transferrin and inhibin B mRNA in rat sertoli cells / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore effects of p, p'DDE on the expression of androgen binding protein (ABP), transferrin (Tf) and inhibin B (INH B) mRNA in testis Sertoli cells of Sprague Dawley rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A method has been set up to obtain a large number of viable Sertoli cells from SD rats of 18-20 days of age. With a series of concentration p,p'-DDE (10, 30, and 50 micromol/L) co-incubating the Sertoli cells in vitro, the expression of ABP, Tf and INH B mRNA were determined by RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>a) With increase of the incubated p, p'-DDE, the expression of ABP mRNA in Sertoli cells went up while that of Tf and INH B dropped in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05). b) The correlation analysis among ABP, Tf and INH B showed that negative relationships were found between ABP and Tf or INH B, respectively (r = - 0. 391 3, P = 0. 032 5; r = - 0.235 2, P = 0.0158), and that positive correlation was indicated between Tf and INH B (r =0.4516, P =0.0047).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>p,p'-DDE is a reproductive toxicant which disrupts the transcription of ABP, Tf and INH B in rat Sertoli cells so as to result in reproductive dysfunction.</p>

Study on the level of environmental endocrine disruptors in serum of precocious puberty patients / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) in causing the precocious puberty.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The blood samples were collected from 79 cases of precocious puberty patients and 42 cases of normal children. The concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2, bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p, p'-DDE) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in blood serum samples were measured by using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The volume of uterus and ovary, the bone density, and the content of estradiol (E(2)) in serum were determined at the same time. The contents of EEDs in blood serums of precocious puberty and the indices of the target organs were analyzed by using of correlation and regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In normal control group, p, p'-DDE was detected in all the blood samples (14.93 - 40.39 ng/ml), but 4-NP and DEHP were detected in some samples (ND -6.77 ng/ml, ND -17.61 ng/ml). The levels of 4-NP, p, p'-DDE and DEHP in blood serum in precocious puberty group were notably increased than that in control group (P < 0.01). In precocious puberty group, there was a positive correlations between the 4-NP in volume of uterus and the volume of ovary and the density of bone (r = 0.394, 0.286, 0.237, P < 0.01); p, p'-DDE and volume of uterus also showed a the positive correlation (r = 0.306, P < 0.01). The influencing extent of 4-NP was 1.3 times to that of the p, p'-DDE.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The normal children and the children with precocious puberty should be all contaminated by EEDs, and the later be exposured to more EEDs. There might exist a close relationship between EEDs and the precocious puberty, and EEDs should be an important factor in causing the disease. Different kinds of EEDs might have different influencing extents to the target organs.</p>

Study on serum organochlorines pesticides (DDTs) level, CYP1A1 genetic polymorphism and risk of breast cancer: a case control study / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the potential effect of gene-environment interaction between CYP1A1 and serum dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDT) levels on the risk of breast cancer in women, in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study was conducted. From Dec. 2003 to Sep. 2004, 104 women with histologically confirmed breast cancers and 154 noncancerous controls from a community were enrolled in this study. Risk factors information of breast cancer was investigated by a questionnaire. Serum p, p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) and 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p, p'-DDE) levels were tested by GC-ECD. CYP1A1 m2 gene type was tested by allele special-PCR method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum DDT levels of case and control were (36.90 +/- 79.41) ng/ml and (50.60 +/- 150.70) ng/ml respectively. Serum 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p, p'-DDE) levels of case and control were (7.43 +/- 11.10) ng/ml and (8.96 +/- 11.30) ng/ml respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups with geometric mean t-test (P > 0.05). Compared with women who had homozygous wild-type CYP1A1 m2 genotype, significantly increased risks of breast cancer were found for women with the CYP1A1 m2 homozygous variant genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 2.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00 - 6.80]. Among premenopausal women, compared with women with homozygous wild-type of CYP1A1 genotype (Ile/Ile) and low serum DDT level (DDT serum level < or = 42.93 ng/ml), women with at least one variant allele of CYP1A1 m2 genotype and high serum DDT level (DDT serum level > or = 42.93 ng/ml) had higher risk of breast cancer (OR = 4.35, 95% CI: 1.140 - 16.950).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CYP1A1 m2 genetic polymorphism was associated with increased risk of female breast cancer while DDT exposure might have increased the risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women with CYP1A1 m2 variant genotype.</p>

Concentraciones de DDT/DDE y riesgo de hipospadias: un estudio piloto de casos y controles / DDT/DDE concentrations and risk of hypospadias: a case-control pilot study

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre los niveles séricos maternos de DDT/DDE y el riesgo de hipospadias. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles, efectuado en la Ciudad de México durante el periodo 1997-1999, con 41 casos de hipospadias y 28 controles. La informacion obtenida por cuestionario y las muestras sanguíneas fueron evaluadas mediante modelos multivariados de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones materna de DDT y DDE no mostraron asociación con el riesgo de hipospadias (RM 1.13; IC 95 por ciento 0.24-5.29 y RM 0.48; IC 95 por ciento 0.15-1.60, respectivamente). Los predictores encontrados fueron hijos de madres con mayor edad (RM 8.69; IC 95 por ciento 1.69-44.9), y la actividad laboral durante el embarazo (RM, 4.68; IC 95 por ciento 1.15-18.9). CONCLUSIONES: Dado que se cuenta con escasa información sobre los efectos endocrinos a diferentes concentraciones de DDT/DDE en humanos, la dosis pudiera ser un factor determinante sobre el tipo de efecto.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between maternal serum DDT/DDE levels and risk of hypospadias. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study in Mexico City was conducted during 1997-1999 among 41 subjects with hypospadias and 28 controls. Blood samples were obtained from study subjects. Information was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Maternal DDT and DDE levels showed no association with hypospadias (OR 1.13; 95 percent CI 0.24-5.29 and OR=0.48; 95 percent CI 0.15-1.60, respectively). Associated factors were older age of mothers (OR 8.69; 95 percent CI 1.69-44.9), and working during pregnancy (OR 4.68; 95 percent CI 1.15-18.9). CONCLUSIONS: Information about the endocrine effects of different levels of DDT/DDE in human subjects is scarce; dosage may be a determinant factor of the type of effect.

Relaçäo entre a freqüência de consumo de carne e pescado e os níveis de hexaclorobenzeno, lindano, aldrin e 4,4(9)-diclorodifenil-1,1(9)dicloroetileno, em tecido adiposo de glândulas mamárias de mulheres espanholas / Relationship between the frequency of meat and fish intake and the levels of hexaclorobenzene, lindane, aldrin e 4,4(9)dichloro diphenil 1,1(9)dichloroethylene, present in mamary adipose tissue samples from spanish women

Níveis de resíduos dos pesticidas organoclorados, hexaclorobenzeno (HCB), lindano (gamma-HCH), aldrin e 4,4(9)-diclorodifenil-1,1(9)dicloroetileno (p,p(9)-DDE) foram determinados em tecido adiposo mamário de mulheres residentes em Córdoba, Espanha. A maior concentraçäo média foi detectada para o p,p(9)-DDE (1,869µg/g de tecido adiposo), que estava presente em 100 por cento das amostras. As concentraçöes médias de HCB, gamma-HCH e aldrin encontrados foram 0,236, 0,003 e 0,006µg/g de tecido adiposo, respectivamente. Os níveis dos resíduos detectados nas amostras foram relacionados ao consumo semanal de carne e pescado pelas doadoras. O único composto cujos níveis variaram significativamente (p=ou<0,05) em funçäo da freqüência de consumo de carne foi o p,p(9)-DDE, tendo apresentado concentraçäo média de 2,833µg/g de tecido adiposo quando as doadoras relataram uma freqüência de consumo de carne superior a quatro vezes por semana.

Nonmalarial Infant Deaths and DDT Use for Malaria Control

Although dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) is being banned worldwide; countries in sub-Saharan Africa have sought exemptions for malaria control. Few studies show illness in children from the use of DDT; and the possibility of risks to them from DDT use has been minimized.However; plausible if inconclusive studies associate DDT with more preterm births and shorter duration of lactation; which raise the possibility that DDT does indeed have such toxicity. Assuming that these associations are causal; we estimated the increase in infant deaths that might result from DDT spraying. The estimated increases are of the same order of magnitude as the decreases from effective malaria control. Unintended consequences of DDT use need to be part of the discussion of modern vector control policy

The Analysis of SHP (Small Heterodimer Partner) Gene Mutation in Infertile Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Korea / 대한불임학회지

OBJECTIVE: We inversigated Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) gene mutation in Korean Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) patients. SHP protein regulates the activity of nuclear receptors which regulate the cellular development and differentiation. Recently, the mutation of SHP gene was found in the obesity and diabetes patients in Japanese group, and suggested that its mutation may involved in pathogenic mechanism of PCOS. METHODS: This study was performed in 20 PCOS patients and 20 normal women. The DNAs were extracted from the peripheral bloods, and amplified at each exon (1 and 2) of SHP gene by PCR method. Subsequently, each PCR product was digested with the restriction enzyme indicated below for studying restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). After enzyme digestion, the results of RFLP were compared PCOS patients with control women to find any sequence variation. RESULTS: We examined 9 regions of exon 1 with Msp I, Pvu II, Dde I and 3 regions of exon 2 with Pst I, Dde I. There is no heterozygous or homozygous mutation in patients and control women at these restriction sites. CONCLUSION: The genetic analysis at our restriction sites in the SHP gene did not show any genetic variation in Korean PCOS patients. Our PCR-RFLP analysis was not covered the entire SHP gene (68 bp/ 1,006 bp), we need to further analysis of the entire SHP gene.

RFLP Analysis of a Gene for Blood Coagulation Factor IX in Korean / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods for analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of hemophilia B (coagulation factorIX) gene in Korean population. METHODS: Genomic DNAs were extracted from 40 Korean females. In order to amplify genomic DNAs at the region of the polymorphic sites, two sets of primers (Hha I and Dde I) were synthesized. The primers were named as FIX1, FIX2 for Hha I, and Dde I 59, Dde I 39 for Dde I, respectively. Hha I primers annealed 3'-flanking region of the FactorIX gene and amplified 230 bp long fragment. The PCR fragment (230 bp) treated with Hha I endonuclease produced two fragments (150 bp and 80 bp), when the polymorphic site existed. Dde I primers annealed the region of the first intron of Factor IX gene and amplified 319 bp long fragments. People cases with Dde I polymorphic site are supposed to produce 369 bp long fragment. Results: It has been found that seven (14 X chromosomes) out of forty individuals showed Hha I polymorphism. However, none of the experimental People cases showed the Dde I polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS: By the analysis of 80 chromosomes, the PICs calculated from allele frequency of Hha I-RFLP (0.175/0.825) and that of Dde I-RFLP (0.0/1.0) were 0.289=[1-(0.1752+0.8252)] and 0=[1-(02+12)], respectively. From these results, it can be postulated that Hha I and Dde I polymorphisms of the Factor IX gene in Korean exhibited different patterns from those of Caucasian.

Adipose Tissue and Serum Levels of PCBs and DDE in Women with Gynecologic Benign Disease / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was purposed to determine the levels of PCBs and DDE in adipose tissue and serum and to evaluate the relations with factors affecting these levels. METHODS: We analyzed adipose tissues and sera from 52 gynecologic benign disease patients aged 27-78 years, except hormonal diseases such as breast cancer and endometriosis. We also surveyed age, education, occupation, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, number of children, and duration of breastfeeding by questionnaires. Tissue and serum levels of PCBs and DDE were measured using gas chromatography. RESULTS: The median and geometric mean levels of PCBs were 48. 29 ng/g, 56. 78 ng/g for adipose tissue and 4. 67 uc/L, 4. 85 m/L for serum, and those of DDE were 142.89 ng/g, 117.06 ng/g for adipose tissue and l. 75 m/L, 2.09 ua/L for serum, respectively. Adipose tissue and serum levels for DDE showed high correlation (r=0. 310, p=0. 0002), but those of PCBs didn' t (r=0.029, p=0.2582). In analyses of the differences of the means of log transformed adipose tissue and serum PCBs and DDE levels for groups of potential covariates, only adipose tissue DDE levels were significantly associated with number of children (p=0.015), age at first birth (p=0.014) and BMI (p=0.035). In multiple regression analysis, adipose tissue DDE levels were significantly increased with decreasing number of children and increasing age at first birth. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that parity and adiposity were associated with levels of DDE in adipose tissue, and adipose tissue is a better biomarker than serum for evaluating the long-term exposure of organochlorines.

Avaliaçäo da contaminaçäo por HCH e DDT dos leites de vaca e humano provenientes da Cidade dos Meninos, Duque de Caxias - RJ / Analysis of the contamination by HCH and DDT of the cow and human milks coming from city of boys, Duque de Caxias-RJ

Os resíduos de pesticidas organoclorados säo contaminantes persistentes e penetram em todos os compartimentos do ecossistema global. A investigaçäo e controle desses resíduos é de interesse sanitário, ecológico, econômico e social, tendo em vista que säo considerados biocidas e näo säo facilmente eliminados do meio ambiente. Na localidade da Cidade dos Meninos, em Duque de Caxias, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi desativada uma fábrica de hexaclorociclohexano (HCH, comumente conhecido como BHC), organoclorado, amplamente utilizado no combate de vetores da malária e doença de Chagas. No mesmo local também se produzia pastas de DDT(tricloro bis(clorofenil etano). O processo de desativaçäo dessa fábrica ocorreu sem controle, deixando cerca de 300 toneladas de produtos tóxicos no local, contaminando o meio ambiente e toda a populaçäo local. A principal rota de exposiçäo humana e pesticidas organoclorados é através dos alimentos, sendo o leite a fonte mais importante de contaminaçäo. O leite acumula resíduos de organoclorados na sua fraçäo gordurosa e é considerado como um indicador adequado para subsidiar uma avaliaçäo da exposiçäo a estes compostos. Investiga a contaminaçäo por HCH e DDT, dos leites de vaca e materno, provenientes da Cidade dos Meninos, para que os dados obtidos possam contribuir para uma melhor avaliaçäo da contaminaçäo ambiental dessa área. As amostras de leite de vaca apresentaram contaminaçöes significantes de ß HCH, que é o isômero do HCH mais estável e com maior acúmulo em organismos vivos. Os resultados encontrados confirmaram a exposiçäo anterior ao DDT e a persistência do p,p' DDE, uma vez que foi o único metabólito encontrado nas amostras de leite de vaca. A contaminaçäo das amostras de leite materno foi altamente significativa para o ß HCH atingindo valores de ingestäo diária estimada de até 20 vezes o valor da ingestäo diária aceitável (IDA). O DDT näo ultrapassou o valor da IDA. A maior contaminaçäo das amostras de leite materno, em relaçäo às amostras de leite de vaca, pode ser atribuída ao processo de biomagnificaçäo na cadeia trófica.

Clinical Evaluation about RLQ Pain Seconary to Chronic Constipation (or Fecal Impaction): About DDx from caute appendicitis

There are many causes of the right lower quadrant(RLQ) abdominal pain. Although the most common underlying cause may be acute appendicitis, chronic constipation(or fecal impaction) is the cause in some portions. In review of 120 patients with chronic constipation between 1990 and 1996, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of the RLQ pain secondary to chronic constipation. In case of the RLQ pain secondary to chronic constipation, the key points in the DDx from the RLQ pain due to acute appendicitis are as follows. (1) RLQ pain in chronic constipation is characterized by dull pain and usually it has been complained for several weeks, several months or even several years in more than half. (2) The patients don't have accompanying G-I symptoms(such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain) in more than 90%. (3) The patient complains of mild tenderness in RLQ area in some cases but no rebound tenderness was found in any cases. (4) In almost all cases, WBC count in patient's blood is within normal limits and body temperature is under 37.0degrees C. (5) For the most part, simple abdomen X-ray finding shows large or moderate amount of fecal material in the colon. So I suggest that (a) DDx in the RLQ pain could be made between acute appendicitis & chronic constipation by above findings and (b) In case of chronic constipation we need not perform negative appendectomy and it could be managed by conservative management such as enema, laxatives, high fiber diet, etc. Conclusively, I mention that the rate of negative appendectomy would be able to be reduced a little by taking these points into consideration in the clinic.

Clinical evaluation about RLQ pain secondary to chronic constipation(or fecal impaction): about DDx from acute appendicitis

No abstract available.

Transfer of DDT used in malaria control to infants via breast milk

The transfer of p,p'-DDT (1,1,1-tricholoro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) and its metabolites to infants via breast-feeding was studied in an area of KwaZulu, South Africa, where DDT is used to interrupt malaria transmission. Samples of whole blood were collected from 23 infants, together with samples of breast milk from their respective mothers. The mean sigma DDT (total DDT) in the whole blood was 127.03 micrograms.l-1 and that in the breast milk, 15.06 mg.kg-1 (milk fat). The % DDT (% DDT of sigma DDT) was significantly higher in the infant blood than in the breast milk (P less than 0.05). A multiplicative regression analysis indicated that sigma DDT increased significantly (P less than 0.01) in infant whole blood with infant age. Multiple regression showed that 70.0% of the variation in sigma DDT was due to the variation in parity of the mother, age of the infant, and the sigma DDT in breast milk. These variables accounted also for 76.3% of the variation in p,p'-DDE but only for 38.2% of that in p,p'-DDT. Organochlorines were therefore largely transferred to the infant from the mother, with DDT in the environment playing a secondary role

Praguicidas organoclorados no leite humano / Organoclorine pesticides in human milk

Analisam-se amostras de leite humano de sete trabalhadoras rurais do município de Jaboticabal, Säo Paulo. Identificaram-se traços de lindane em três amostras e níveis bastantes baixos de heptacloro, que näo excederam 0,001 mg/kg. Constataram-se DDT total em 100% das amostras, com níveis variando entre 0,008 a 0,455 mg/kg. Níveis de p.p'-DDT foram mais elevados do que os de p.p'-DDE, em todas as amostras, demonstrando uma exposiçäo recente ao DDT.